Monday, August 24, 2020

Health Promotion Needs Assessment and Planning †Free Samples

Question: Why Health Promotion Needs Assessment and Planning? Answer: Presentation Smoking in pregnancy is risky for the wellbeing of both the mother and kid as the smoke contains an enormous number of harmful synthetic substances. These poisonous synthetic compounds lead to different destructive impacts in the body. It contains in excess of 4000 synthetic concoctions like lead, cyanide and different disease causing synthetic substances (1). The poisonous synthetics during smoking go into the circulation system, which exhausts the significant supplements and oxygen levels. Carbon monoxide and nicotine lead to different inconveniences during smoking in pregnancy. These intricacies incorporate low weight of the child during the birth, unexpected labor of the infant, which makes him frail later on, and stillbirth. These destructive synthetic substances thin the veins of the mother and exhaust the oxygen gracefully to the infant (2). There are different confusions because of smoking and it harms the baby and prompts moderate fetal turn of events. Harmful synthetic compounds from the smoke can likewise prompt despite everything birth and unsuccessful labor. Nicotine present in the smoke can prompt fallopian tube constrictions and it forestalls the undeveloped organism to cruise by. Smoking can likewise bring about ectopic pregnancy (5). Old English Australian Population It has been discovered that Anglo Australian females of the age bunch 16-24 are found to smoke during pregnancy to have little size of the infants. This populace is initially Australians who have their predecessors starting in the nations of British Isles (8). Smoking in pregnancy during young is one of the most pervasive issues among this network and negatively affects the scholarly turn of events and physical development of both the mother and the child after birth(6). These ladies are progressively inclined to babies having low weight as they have a place with low pay gatherings. Along these lines, it is significant for the network individuals and the administration to make them mindful of the negative impacts of smoking during pregnancy (4). The medicinal services cost included is higher for females who smoke during pregnancy since their infants require unique consideration by the specialists when contrasted with the individuals who don't smoke. High school Pregnancy Statistics It was accounted for that pregnancy rate in young populace in Australia was 12.9 per 1000 females (3). The ripeness rate in Anglo-Australian females is a lot higher when contrasted with the pregnancy rate in everyone. There are different reasons of the low richness rate, for example, low financial status. Affliction during adolescence, early pubescence, sexual maltreatment during youth, issues in family, low degree of confidence and wretchedness. They have a poor information on contraception strategies, which prompts pregnancy at an extremely youthful age. Pregnancy pace of females (age 16-24 years) in the indigenous populaces is more when contrasted with that of non-indigenous populaces (6).There are different reasons of high school pregnancy like brutality in the family and physical and sexual torment by the accomplice. Table Quick Factors Contributing Factors Low Socioeconomic status of the females a their desire to have low weight babies after the birth. Low confidence in the young people because of poor financial status(9). Early Puberty of the females of Anglo-Australian people group (7). Melancholy, which prompts disappointment and outrage. Sexual Abuse during youth endured by the females. Poor instruction and information about the contraception techniques to maintain a strategic distance from pregnancy (10). End Smoking in youngsters in the Anglo-Australian people group is a significant concern nowadays. It prompts different wellbeing impacts in the mother and the kid, for example, low birth weight, unexpected labor, unnatural birth cycle and demise of the infant after the birth. Government and different worldwide associations should take different procedures and measures to make these young people about the evil impacts of smoking. They ought to be given legitimate training in schools and ought to be made mindful about the contraception strategies to stay away from pregnancy References Dahlen HG, Schmied V, Dennis CL, Thornton C. Paces of obstetric intercession during birth and chose maternal and perinatal results for generally safe ladies conceived in Australia contrasted with those brought into the world abroad. BMC pregnancy and labor. 2013 May 1;13(1):100. Hilder L, Zhichao Z, Parker M, Jahan S, Chambers G. Australia's moms and children 2012. Hoekzema L, Werumeus Buning A, Bonevski B, Wolke L, Wong S, Drinkwater P, Stewart K, George J. Smoking rates and smoking suspension inclinations of pregnant ladies going to antenatal centers of two enormous Australian maternity clinics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2014 Feb 1;54(1):53-8. Hollams EM, De Klerk NH, Holt PG, Sly PD. Determined impacts of maternal smoking during pregnancy on lung capacity and asthma in youths. American diary of respiratory and basic consideration medication. 2014 Feb 15;189(4):401-7. Lewis LN, Skinner SR. Pre-adult Pregnancy in Australia. InInternational Handbook of Adolescent Pregnancy 2014 (pp. 191-203). Springer US. Marino JL, Lewis LN, Bateson D, Hickey M, Skinner S. Adolescent moms. Australian Family Physician. 2016 Oct;45(10):712. Mendelsohn C, Gould GS, Oncken C. The board of smoking in pregnant ladies. Australian family doctor. 2014 Jan 1;43(1/2):46. Rhodes K, Chan F, Prichard I, Coveney J, Ward P, Wilson C. Intergenerational transmission of dietary practices: A subjective investigation of Anglo-Australian, Chinese- Australian and Italian-Australian three-age families. Hunger. 2016 Aug 1;103:309-Siegel RS, Brandon AR. Young people, pregnancy, and psychological wellness. Diary of pediatric and juvenile gynecology. 2014 Jun 30;27(3):138-50 Eng C, Karki S, Trivedi AN. Hazard components of stillbirths in Victoria (Australia): A casecontro study. Diary of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2016 Aug 17;36(6):754-7.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Preparation of Isopentyl Acetate

Results and Discussion Isopentyl propanoate was set up by refluxing isopentyl liquor in abundance propanoic corrosive and concentrated sulfuric corrosive. The ester was acquired by refining in 62% yield, bp 140-150oC (lit. 156 oC [1]). GC examination of the distillate uncovered just hints of the beginning liquor (Figure 1). The ester's structure was affirmed utilizing IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The IR range (Figure 2) shows a solid ingestion at 1741 cm-1 reliable with an ester C=O extending vibration. The NMR range (Figures 3 and 4) contains the entirety of the signs expected for this compound. A triplet at 1. 18 ppm and a group of four at 2. 8 ppm are doled out to the propionyl methyl and methylene gatherings, individually. A doublet at 0. 82 ppm is doled out to the two isopentyl methyl gatherings. A 6 line design at 1. 66 ppm is allocated to the methine gathering (9 lines are normal), and a triplet at 4. 08 and a group of four at 1. 48 ppm are doled out to the OCH2 and CHCH2 methy lene gatherings, individually. Trial Preparation of isopentyl propanoate. Isopentyl liquor (4. 6 mL, 42 mmol), propanoic corrosive (40 mL, 530 mmol), and concentrated sulfuric corrosive (1 mL, 18 mmol) were refluxed for 66 minutes. The arrangement was weakened with water (60 mL) and removed with ether (60 mL).The ether layer was washed with soaked aq. NaHCO3 (2 x 60 mL), dried with MgSO4, and refined at climatic strain to give isopentyl propanoate: 3. 8 g (62% from isopentyl liquor), bp 140-150 oC (lit. 156 oC [1]); IR (ATR) cm-1: 2960 (versus, CH), 1741 (versus, C=O), 1189 (s, C-O); 1H NMR (C6D6, 400 MHz) ? : 0. 92 (d, 6H, J = 6. 8 Hz, CH(CH3)2), 1. 18 (t, 3H, J = 6. 6 Hz, CH2CH3), 1. 48 (q, 2H, J = 6. 6 Hz, CHCH2), 1. 66 (9 lines, 1H, J = 6. 8 Hz, CH), 2. 28 (q, 2H, J = 6. 6 Hz, CH2CO), 4. 08 (t, 2H, J = 6. 8 Hz, OCH2); GC (120 oC, right-hand section): isopentyl propanoate (4. 8 min), isopentyl liquor (4. 4 min). References 1.Mordechai, U. ed. â€Å"Esther's Ester Handbook, eleve nth Ed. â€Å", Fruity Publishing, Boca Raton, 1984. E-factor Insert rundown and mass of devoured materials, item, and e-yield here. Figures [GC information, IR range, and NMR range; name every one as a numbered figure (see above) and give the figure a suitable title; see index for extra instructions] NMR Exercise Choose one of the particles recorded underneath. Draw its structure (show all H) and mark all protons as A, B, C, †¦ (apply a similar name to ‘NMR equal' protons). Inspect the online proton NMR range (follow the connection; the little upper range is the carbon-13 NMR, overlook it).List all movements related with the compound; don't list shifts for dissolvable, TMS, and so on , and don't list integrals or coupling designs. Allocate each sign to a specific proton. Do this all alone; don't work with others. (On the off chance that you are experiencing difficulty with the task and might want some assistance from others, take a shot at an alternate range from the on e that you turn in). Turn in 1) the compound name gave underneath, 2) the auxiliary equation and H marks, 3) the rundown of movements and assignments (compose the name close to its work day). Try not to turn in the range

Saturday, July 25, 2020

Class of 2010 Roll Call

Class of 2010 Roll Call Its May 1! Welcome to the MIT Class of 2010! If you have sent back your MIT reply form with an affirmative response, check in here in the comments. Were excited to have you as a member of the class! Weve spent the past year getting to know each other, and Im glad well have to next four years together, too. (I hope youll stop by 3-107 from time to time and say hi to Ben, Nance and I!) Its going to be a wild ride fasten your seatbelt =) Ah, May 1st I remember senior year of high school, when May came around everyone and their mother (literally) walked around with their college t-shirt on, rightly proud of their future home for the next four years. These days, you dont have to travel all the way to Cambridge to buy an MIT t-shirt the power of the Internet! Yes, over at The Coops web site, you can pick up all the MIT swag you need. And dont forget about that discount coupon that came in your admit pack! Ah, but sometimes, you want to be a little subtle in your MIT pride, while still feeling awesome. What to do? Luckily, this email came to my inbox From: Tim HoweTo: Matt McGannSubject: Howe & Ser Moving Co. Shirts Dear Matt,I heard the prospective students to MIT really liked that cannon we moved to your campus as they arrived. We have decided to make company shirts available to the public. Since so many people reading your blog visited our website, we though they might be interested in buying one for themselves (or hundreds for their friends, either way) to show off this hack which they actually got to see. The design and ordering form are at:http://www.howeandser.com/shirts.htmland of course, as a national moving company, we will gladly deliver the shirts to any location.I would appreciate if you mentioned this in your blog. Thanks and Best Regards,Tim HoweHowe & Ser Moving Co. You may remember the Howe Ser Moving Co. from a certain, um, project of theirs. Youd make Tim Howe (for those of you not in the know Tim Howe, like Jack Florey or J. Arthur Random, is a psuedonym) very happy by purchasing your very own, super-cool, Howe Ser shirt (only $10!). Anyway, whether or not youre wearing your MIT hoodie or shorts with the words on the butt today, check in here and officially say hello! Welcome to MIT!

Friday, May 22, 2020

Steric Number Definition in Chemistry

The steric number is the number of atoms bonded to a central atom of a molecule plus the number of lone pairs attached to the central atom. The steric number of a molecule is used in VSEPRÂ  (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory to determine the molecular geometry of a molecule. How to Find the Steric Number To determine the steric number, you use the Lewis structure. The steric number gives the electron-pair arrangement for the geometry that maximizes the distance between valence electron pairs. When the distance between valence electrons is maximized, the energy of the molecule is at its lowest state and the molecule is in its most stable configuration. The steric number is calculated using the following formula: Steric Number (number of lone electron pairs on the central atom) (number of atoms bonded to the central atom) Heres a handy table that gives the bond angle that maximizes separation between electrons and gives the associated hybrid orbital. Its a good idea to learn the bond angle and orbitals since these appear on many standardized exams. S# bond angle hybrid orbital 4 109.5Â ° sp3 hybrid orbital (4 total orbitals) 3 120Â ° sp2 hybrid orbitals (3 total orbitals) 2 180Â ° sp hybrid orbitals (2 total orbitals) 1 no angle s orbital (hydrogen has an S# of 1) Steric Number and Hybrid Orbital Steric Number Calculation Examples Methane (CH4) - Methane consists of carbon bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms and 0 lone pairs. Steric number 4.Water (H2O) - Water has two hydrogen atoms bonded to oxygen and also 2 lone pairs, so its steric number is 4.Ammonia (NH3) - Ammonia also has a steric number of 4 because it has 3 hydrogen atoms bonded to nitrogen and 1 lone electron pair.Ethylene (C2H4) - Ethylene has 3 bonded atoms and no lone pairs. Note the carbon double bond. Steric number 3.Acetylene (C2H2) - The carbons are bonded by a triple bond. There are 2 bonded atoms and no lone pairs. Steric number 2.Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - Carbon dioxide is an example of a compound that contains 2 sets of double bonds. There are 2 oxygen atoms bonded to carbon, with no lone pairs, so the steric number is 2. Shape Versus Steric Number Another way to look at molecular geometry is to assign the shape of the molecule according to steric number: SN 2 is linear SN 3 is trigonal planar SN 4 is tetrahedral SN 5 is trigonal bipyramidal SN 6 is octahedral Key Takeaways for Steric Number In chemistry, a molecules steric number is the number of atoms bonded to the central atom plus the number of lone electron pairs surrounding the central atom.The steric number is used in VSEPR theory to predict molecular geometry.

Friday, May 8, 2020

The Effects Of Media Violence On Children - 1943 Words

For many years now, the media has been a big part of our lives. Almost everybody in the world is or has connected to it one way or another. It is a way for families and friends to have fun together, for interesting topics that people are interested in, or to just enjoy alone. However, there is a problem that can be seen across all types of media: violence. Violence can be seen as a distraught way to get over problems. There is judgement issues involved for violence. It is done by bullies in school, adults at a bar, gangs on the streets, but there is no greater effect on children, pertaining to violence, than the media. It is very destructive and could harm the youth in a mental way. Children are exposed to massive amounts of depictions of violence in many forms of media, and have become desensitized and more aggressive; therefore an effort should be made to teach children about empathy. Media can be traced back to ancient times with literature, but more advanced types of media emerg ed within the nineteenth and twentieth century. This includes the invention of movies and television. Going more along the timeline, the invention and rising popularity of video games in the 1970s and 1980s is seen as well. Violence has been included in all of these media forms, whether it be mild or severe. â€Å"For more than five decades, Americans have been concerned about the frequent depiction of violence in the mass media and the harm these portrayals might do to the youth† (AndersonShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children873 Words   |  4 Pages According to the Media Education Foundation, once a child reaches eighteen years of age, they have witnessed around 200,000 acts of violence and 16,000 murders (jacksonkatz.com). Our society loves entertainment and a grand portion of this entertainment contains violence. Children constantly consume violent visuals, due to their prevalence. Majority of our society is uninterested in the effects of media viol ence since its effects do not show immediately. Misinformation is our greatest enemy in theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children974 Words   |  4 Pagesmany kinds of media, like Internet, video game, television and film. It is generally believed that some of the bad information such as violent content in the media can have a negative effect on people, and it can end up causing some social problem. It is clear that children are more likely to be influenced by media violence than other age groups because of their world outlook and personality are not formed. Furthermore is if media violence does have some profound influence on children, this will leadRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children884 Words   |  4 Pagesis all this necessary to fabricate in the media? What are characters in movies teaching kids? What about the language in music talking about killing people and talking about violence like it’s the cool thing? What about new channels always ta lking about guns, bombs and threats to the public, is this what is influencing are children because they view it as a norm? Some may agree with this as others may disagree. Media violence is not the factor in violence today. Studies show that over 90% of homesRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1357 Words   |  6 Pagesthe graphic cruelty and violence. According to American Psychological Association, the harmful influence of media violence on children dates back to the 1950s and 1960s, and remains strong today. A child that watches violence or hears about violence can be influenced to become violent. Indeed, in reviewing the totality of empirical evidence regarding the impact of media violence, the conclusion that exposure to violent portrayals poses a risk of harmful effects on children has been reached by theRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2411 Words   |  10 PagesMedia Violence is definitely harmful to children as the exposure of media violence can desensitize children (age 6-12) to violence and in the real world; violence becomes enjoyable and does not result in apprehensiveness in the child. There have been s everal studies and experiments regarding the adverse effects of violence used in video games, television, as well as movies. With both preschool and school-aged children, studies have found that they are more likely to imitate the violence they seeRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children2122 Words   |  9 Pagesexposed to various types of media, for example books or magazines, television, song lyrics, video games, and movies. Media often portrays, aggressive action, behaviour, and violence. This content can negatively affect not only adolescents and adults, but can have an even greater effect on children even from the moment they are exposed to it. Children who are exposed to violence in the media may display aggressive and violent behaviour. Young people especially children under the age of eight thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1903 Words   |  8 Pagesdepict different forms of violence. Some people feel that there is too much violence exposed in the media. Many studies have made the claim that the media is responsible for much of the violence seen in the world we live in. However, people have choices and responsibilities we cannot allow ourselves to blame it on other things such as the media. The violence seen in our media has an impact on both adults and children. Since children are also exposed to various forms of media, there has been additionalRead MoreEffects of Media Violence on Children2430 Words   |  10 PagesThe Effect of Media Violence on Children and Levels of Aggression. It has been said that children are like sponges when it comes to attaining knowledge. This seems to be true whether they are learning to speak or how to show emotion. Feelings and emotions become more imminent once children begin to go through adolescents. Children acquire the ability to aggression, sadness, and happiness more readily. Males typically exhibit higher levels of aggression then females according to some researchRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children1270 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent forms of violence. Some people feel that there is too much violence exposed in the media. Many studies have made the claim that the media is responsible for much of the violence seen in the world we live in (List and Wolfgang). However, people have choices and responsibilities we cannot allow ourselves to blame it on other things such as the media. The violence seen in our media has an impact on both adults and children. Since children are also exposed to various forms of media, there has beenRead MoreWhat Is the Effect of Media Violence on Children1314 Words   |  6 PagesYasser Abdelaziz Ms. Williams English 1010-18 13, December 2010 The Effect of Media Violence on Children Although very little research was done on it in the past, media violence has sparked much controversy in recent history. As technology becomes more advanced, new methods of uncovering the media’s effects on children have emerged. Advances in Neuroscience, for example, can become tools to understanding the effects media violence has from a psychological standpoint. The brain in its underpinnings

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Interaction Between Heredity and Environment Free Essays

Have you ever wondered why people resemble their parents? The answer to this and other questions about inheritance lies in a specialized branch of biology called genetics. Geneticist found that most aspects of life have a hereditary basis and that many traits can appear in more than one form. For instance, human beings have blond, or red, or brown, or black hair. We will write a custom essay sample on The Interaction Between Heredity and Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now They may have one of several different types of blood, one or several colors of skin. Their ear lobes may be attached or free. They may or may not be able to manufacture certain enzymes. Some of these traits are much more important to the life of the individual than others, but all of them are hereditary. The geneticist is interested not only in the traits of man but in those of all other organisms as well. The study of inheritance depends on the differences as well as the similarities between parents and offspring over several generations. Heredity is very complex, and a geneticist cannot possibly analyze all the traits of an organism at once. Instead, he studies only a few traits at a time. Many other traits are present. As the geneticists work out the solution to each hereditary mystery, the geneticist must not forget that all organisms live in a complex environment. The environment may affect the degree to which a hereditary trait develops. The geneticist must try to find out which of the many parts of the environment may affect his results. The factors must be kept as constant as possible by using controlled experiments. Only then can he tell that the differences observed are due to heredity. Heredity determines what an organism may become, not what it will become. What an organism becomes depends on both its heredity and environment. The modern science of genetics started with the work of Gregor Mendel. He found that a certain factor in a plant cell determined the traits the plant would have. Thirty years after his discovery this determines was given the name gene. Of the traits Mendel studied, he called dominant those at showed up in the offspring and recessive those The question I will ask is: how much of the variability observed between different individuals is due to hereditary differences between them, and how much to differences in the environments under which the individuals developed? In most organisms, including man, genetics information is transmitted from mother to daughter cells and from one generation to the next by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Knowledge of the heredity or inheritance of plants and animals is important in many phases of our life. The question I will ask is: How much of the variability observed between different individuals is due to hereditary differences between them, and how much to differences in the environments under which the individuals developed? The purpose of designing a unit on ? Heredity And Environment? is to help students learn more about themselves. They will learn why they develop into the kind of individual they are. The unit will discuss heredity traits and environmental conditions, chromosomes, DNA, studies of identical twins, and several diseases linked to heredity and environment. The students will do some hands on activities by constructing a model which represents DNA. They will explore plants with the exact same heredity and plants with different heredity. They will change the conditions in the environment to see the way the plant organisms with the same heredity may develop differently in different environments and why organisms with different heredity develop in the matter in which they do. Heredity is not the only thing that effects development. The environment also has an important effect. The unit can be taught to students in grades five through eight. The science and math teachers are encouraged to use a team teaching approach. Other features that will be included in the unit are content, lesson plans, resources, reading list and a bibliography. Genes and DNA DNA, short for deoxyribonucleic acid, makes up the genes that transmits hereditary traits. The DNA molecule looks like a long, twisted rope ladder. This is called the double helix. The ladder is made up of two coiled strands with rungs between them. The rungs are composed of pairs of chemicals in different combinations. Each combination carries instructions like the dot and dashes of the Morse Code. Each gene in the body is a DNA section with full set of instructions for guiding the formation of just one particular protein. The different proteins made by the genes direct the body? functions throughout a person? s life. DNA is made of six parts: a sugar, a mineral (phosphate), and four special chemicals called bases. These bases are represented as A;T;C; and G. Sugar and phosphate form the chains, or sides, of the staircase. The A;G;C and T bases form the steps. See figure 1. Each step is made of two pieces, which are always paired the same way. The A base always pairs w ith the T base. And the G base always pairs with the C base. Figure 1. DNA Structure (figure available in print form) DNA Reproduces Itself Two new identical DNAs are immediately formed. The A,G,C, and T bases on each chain attract loose bases found floating within the nucleus. Ts attract As and Cs attract Gs. The two new DNAs are just like the original DNA. Each strand directs the synthesis of a complementary strand. The replication of DNA is the key to heredity, the passing of traits from parents to offspring. DNA replication results in the formation of new reproductive cells. It also results in the formation of new cells, which is important for the growth of an organism. See Fig. 2. Figure 2. (figure available in print form) Watson-Crick? DNA Replication-Redrawn from version in Levine, Genetics, Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1968. Chromosomes Genes and chromosomes provide the genetic link between generations. Chromosomes are strands of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of virtually every cell, but with few exceptions seen only during the process of cell division. The number of chromosomes in a cell is characteristic of the species. Some have very few, whereas others may have more than a hundred. Ordinarily, every cell in the body of an organism contains the same number of chromosomes. The most important exception is found in the case of gametes where half the usual number is found. Human beings have 46 chromosomes in each cell, with the exception of the spermatozoa in males and the ova in females, each of which has 23 chromosomes. Human chromosomes occur in pairs, the total 46 consisting of 23 pairs; 22 pairs of autosomes which are non-sex determining chromosomes. The member of a pair are essentially identical, with the exception of sex chromosomes in males, and each pair is different from any other pair. Plants and animals inherit chromosomes from their parents. Each plant and animal cell has a set of chromosomes. Chromosomes, then, control the heredity of an organism. They carry the blueprint that determines what kind of organism will develop. Some Relationship Between Heredity And Environment Organisms can transmit some hereditary conditions to their offspring even if the parents do not show the trait. In the small, familiar fruit fly. Drosophila, there is a hereditary trait in which the wings curl up sharply if the files are raised at a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. If, however, the files are raised at a lower temperature, such as 16 degrees Celsius then the trait rarely appears. The wings seem to be straight, and the flies look normal. The genetic trait is there, however, and will reappear in the next generation if the temperature returns to 25 degrees Celsius. See fig. 3. A similar type of inheritance appears in plants. In some types of corn the kernels will remain yellow until they are exposed to sunlight. Once exposed, the kernels become various shades of red and purple. Some traits do not appear to be affected by the environment. One of the first hereditary traits studied in humans was polydactyly. An individual with polydactyly has more than ten figures or toes. See fig. 4. This trait does not seem to be affected by the environment at all. Other human traits like color blindness, baldness, blood type, skin color, the ability to taste certain substances, the presence or absence of hairs on the middle of the fingers, and free or attached ear lobes do not seem to be influenced by the environment. (figure available in print form) Figure 3? This diagram shows how temperature affects curly-wing trait in Drosophila. If the third generation of curly-winged flies had been raised in 16? C environment. Source:Redrawn from Biological Science, Houghton, Mifflin Co. , Boston, 1963, p. 379. Figure 4? An example of polydactyly. Extra digits on either hands or feet are almost always abnormal in structure. (figure available in print form) Source: Biological Science, Houghton Mifflin Co. , Boston, 1963. p. 380. A common cited example of an environmental effect on phenotype is the coloring of Siamese Cats, although these cats have a genotype for dark fur, the enzymes that produce the dark coloring function best at temperatures below the normal body temperature of the cat. Siamese Cats are noted for the dark markings on their ears, nose, paws, tail, and all areas that have a low body temperature. If the hair on the cat? s belly is shaved and an ice pack is applied, the replacement hair will be dark. Likewise, a shaved tail, kept at higher than normal temperatures, would soon be covered with light colored fur. These changes are temporary, however, unless the ice pack or heat source is maintained permanently. The most celebrated effect of an environmental agent directly affecting the unborn, is that produced by the rubella virus. This German measles virus is capable of crossing the placenta from mother to child, and the prenatal infection, if it occurs early enough, may result in deafness and other damage to the child. Similarly, maternal infection with the rare protozoan parasite Toxoplasma can cause serious congenital defects in the fetus, and the same has been suspected for Asian influenza. Another environmental factor is anoxia. Anoxia is a natural hazard of childbirth, and in most cases the infant makes a normal adjustment to it. When infants suffer from delayed respiration or asphyxia during birth, it is widely accepted that this is responsible for later difficulties such neurologic abnormalities. Warburton and Fraser have emphasized that the development of a fetus depends on a precise and extremely intricate system of interactions between two sets of hereditary factors and two environments, all acting at the same time on the growing baby. The mother and the fetus each have their own environment and their own genotype. How to cite The Interaction Between Heredity and Environment, Essay examples

Monday, April 27, 2020

Self segregation Essay Example

Self segregation Essay One of the reasons that self segregation exists in our country is from the effect that history has on a culture. There is no culture or country in this world, despite the apathy which many people feel towards history which is not affected by it. America is a very disposable society and when I watch such television programs like the Jay Leno Show where in one piece, he finds people on the street and asks them simple questions as: â€Å"What century did the Civil War take place or who did American fight in WWII?† Their answers which incite laughter within the audience, makes me cringe. Even though I have only been in America for two years, upon arrival, I tried to learn as much as I could about the country; its history, culture and geography. I still have a great deal more to learn but I am confident that I know more about this country than one who is native to its land. The reason for the importance is history in this societal problem is the fact that for four hundred years, America has been segregated. It has only been in the last fifty years, since the Supreme Court decision of Brown vs. Board in 1954 and then the 1964 and 1965 Civil Rights Acts, has segregation been legally outlawed. However, 350 years cannot be erased so quickly. In a Supreme Court Decision of an equal importance, Plessey vs. Ferguson, the majority opinion of the court said that the separation of the races was acceptable. â€Å"â€Å"We consider the underlying fallacy of the plaintiffs argument to consist in the assumption that the enforced separation of the two races stamps the colored race with a badge of inferiority. If this be so, it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it.†(Commanger, 1947. pg. 119) It took more than sixty years for the Supreme Court to say what the rest of the minorities in the country believed: that we were equal to everyone else in this country. We will write a custom essay sample on Self segregation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Self segregation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Self segregation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There have been less occurrences of discrimination among Asians in this country because simply, a large population of the Asian community was not allowed into the country. From 1882 and the Chinese Exclusion Act, until the Magnusson Act of 1942, no Chinese immigrants were allowed into the country and the Magnusson Act only allowed a paltry 105 Chinese immigrants into the country as a fulfillment of their quota. It is for the abovementioned reasons, as well as countless other examples, that the majority of the reasons for the self segregation in this country are a representative of what many in America have been conditioned to believe and act. I have a unique perspective because I am not native to this country and have not been conditioned to the same degree that many in America have concerning race. This is not to say that Koreans are above such practices. There was a newspaper report about a football player in the NFL; Heinz Ward who was both Korean and African American. (King, 2007 )   He was completely shunned by the Korean community as being a mixed race individual. The fact is that Korean is more of a homogenized society and such problems which come out of a diverse country as America, is not present to the same degree as in America. Many people would say that America is not as racist as it once was in parts of our nation’s history. Others would say that the racism still exists but that it is hidden more and not out in the open as a result of the societal disrepute which would occur from its exposure. (Blitzer 2007) One thing is for sure, state sponsored racism is not allowed and although it may still exist to a small degree with Affirmative Action and quotas for individuals based upon their race and not their merit, America has come along way in now judging people, As Martin Luther King said: â€Å"not from the color of our skin but from the content of our character.† This is also the ultimate goal of our society, or it should be at least. There are fraternities and sororities on campus which are designed to only cater to the African American or Latino groups. From what I understand, whites and Asians are allowed to join but rarely do. Whose fault is this and does it constitute a fault at all? It is hard to say. From my experiences, a person who voluntarily excludes himself from different races and groups, will more likely possess negative feelings towards that group, either on his own or when confronted with by an individual who is a member of that group. (Bowie, 2007) I have known some of my friends who are white and yet make negative comments about a number of African American friends which I have. These white friends are friendly to me and seem like nice people. I believe that such comments come from ignorance and not from facts about that person’s beliefs. It is because I am neither white, nor black; I fit more easily into both groups because I am an outsider and am not seen to be â€Å"loyal† to one race or another. This gives me a unique perspective into the ways in which both races act. The same is the case for the Hispanic community at school and in town. I will always be on the outside looking in if I desire full inclusion into one race or another. However, that is not my motivation but rather to be myself, take pride in my identity and to see how many quality friends of all races that I can attract. It is only when this happens can racial barriers and stereotypes can be knocked down. BY doing so, one can see that not all white people are racist, not all black people commit crimes and are on welfare, not all Hispanics are here illegally in America and not all Asians are timid and weak. These general beliefs, although can be applied to a number of that particular race, comes from one’s inability to get to known and befriend a member of that other race. One place in which this is less present is in sports. Football teams all across the country, at universities from ocean to ocean, field football teams in which there exists on the roster, more than eighty players of a wide array of different races.   The same can be said, although to a lesser degree, in baseball, soccer, swimming, wrestling and basketball to name a few sports. It is here that racial stereotypes and self segregation is broken down.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One semester, I played intramural soccer. I had always loved the game while living in Korea and wanted to continue to play when I came to college. I was not good enough to play on the team but joined an intramural team later that year. There were a few people on the team that I had recognized from classes and from just seeing them on campus. I am even a victim of judging people before all the facts are in and as a result, did not initially feel comfortable with the people on my team. I was here to play soccer, not for a scholarship but to have fun and if I wasn’t going to because the roster was filled with people that I did not like, I was simply going to quit. However, I felt as though I should give the team a chance and since I don’t like to quit, I continued to play. I was very glad that I did because within two weeks, all of my preconceived notions could not have been more erroneous. Our team won a game and it felt as though we had won the World Cup. We ended that season with one of the worst records in the league but there could not have been a team which had more fun than we did. Perhaps that is why we lost so many games! However, I would not have changed it for the world. The progress came when there were members of the team which I had formed an opinion on, based on their race; the exact thing which I had chided America for doing, I was doing as well. There was an African American who I initially avoided because I believed that she was going to be confrontational and abrasive. She ended up being one of my closest friends during the season and I believe that we will remain friends throughout college. There was a white person on the team who initially treated me badly the first day of practice and I thought that it was because I am Korean. I later learned that she was having a bad day, coupled with the fact that her social skills were poor and that she had trouble making friends and responded instead, by pushing others away. We both overcame that and I have dinner at her house at least once a week and even went to stay with her family over Thanksgiving Break. It all goes to show that one of the chief contributing factors to racism is ignorance. A lot o f people are missing out on a lot of good and loyal friends of all races, if they simply go only by the race or gender of a person. However, even though I support the government stepping in and forcing states to desegregate their public facilities, I am not so politically correct as to say that the government should be involved in every aspect of a person’s life in order to prevent racism in their heart. Governments do not have the ability to achieve such things. Coming from Korea as I do, I have seen and my parents have experienced, the effects of an oppressive government in North Korea. Every aspect of their lives that are ruled by their dictator and they live a very sad existence. The depletion of racism in America is a noble goal. However, if an individual feels more comfortable befriending people of his or her own race, there should not be any government in the world that should be able to tell that individual otherwise. If a lunch cafeteria is divided up by racial lines, an effort should be made to integrate the student body. However, as long as the students have a free choice in where they can sit a nd who they want to sit with, the government or anybody else should not be able to force people to sit someplace else. This only acts as reverse racial segregation. And is it has been learned by every parent since the beginning of time, the more a young adult is pressured to do something, the less likely he will do it. Authorities need to encourage racial desegregation in a fun and harmonious way which is creative and fun for the individual. The government needed to step in to stop racial desegregation because the facilities which serviced African Americans, were no where near equal to what was being given to the whites. Also, the government before Brown vs. Board was instructing people where they could go and who they could be seen with in their own time. Reverse racial desegregation, as imposed on an individual by the government, is nearly as counterproductive. The government and churches should encourage racial harmony through the eradication of racial quotas and preferences give n to anyone based on race. There exists in America today, less of a division of race and ethnicity than ever before in this country. ( Blitzer, 2007) However, government enforced, racial segregation has been replaced by self imposed racial segregation. One of the main reasons for this is that people have been conditioned to remain with people of their own race, regardless of how different, even people of one’s own race. The second reason is that there are differences between the races which sometimes result in a funny or amusing stand up comedy routine, but which equates towards the further separation of the races. Sometimes, these differences are so different that two individuals cannot overcome the change. â€Å"Often times, such differences are magnified by the preexisting notions and beliefs that both individuals have about the ways in which they believe, that race should behave.† (Michigandaily.com) What people sometimes fail to see is that one’s ethnicity is important to them and eve n though they go to a diverse church, have dozens of friends from different races and countries around the world and read authors from a dozen different genres and perspectives, there also comes a time in that person’s life when then wish to reconnect to their roots. Therefore, historically African American schools and fraternities should not be allowed to discriminate against a qualified white, Asian or Hispanic applicant.   His or her entrance into the school should be judged on their test scores and grades more than their race. However, those same schools should not be pressured to allow entrance into their school, in the spirit of diversity, those who do not qualify by the merits of their accomplishments.   Such practices, regardless of what race is involved, is discrimination.

Thursday, March 19, 2020

Alternative Medicine vs. Conventional Medicine Essay Example

Alternative Medicine vs. Conventional Medicine Essay Example Alternative Medicine vs. Conventional Medicine Essay Alternative Medicine vs. Conventional Medicine Essay Introduction It is important to understand the cause of the current crisis on the matter, factors that lead to diseases and good health, in addition to the steps that need to be taken by an individual so as to maintain good health. Traditional medicine, also known as conventional medicine, relies on scientific principles, contemporary technologies as well as scientifically proved methodologies for purposes of preventing, diagnosing, and treating adverse medical conditions (Treweek Heller, 2006). Health care professionals within conventional medicine believe that diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria. In conventional medicine, health care professionals must undergo extensive training and meet the standards set by the American Medical Association. By contrast, alternative medicine in its medical approach takes in to account the body and mind, experience and knowledge for diagnosis and treatment. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the national Institutes of health did a survey in May of 2004 and found that 36 percent of adults in America use some form of alternative medicine(Arias, 2004). They argue that conventional methods of treatment focus on diagnostic testing as well as treating with medications, but not on the patient as a whole. So as to gain an understanding on the increasing medical shift towards alternative treatment, it is important to understand what alternative medicine and conventional medicine are. Alternative medicine vs. conventional medicine Alternative medicine employs natural treatment modalities in treatment of diseases. Various alternative treatment approaches including massage, water treatment and herbal remedies were used, and still are used today by the Chinese communities to manage a variety of diseases. Modern alternative treatment techniques are developed based on the ancient treatments (Paquette, 2000). Modern alternative treatment techniques include: acupuncture, homeopathy, spiritual devotions, chiropractic, aromatherapy, psychotherapy, osteopathy, naturopathic, nutrition medicine, in addition to a wide range of other natural remedies (Alters and Schiff, 2010). These therapies have proved to be of much benefit in supporting the normal healing course of the body. Even though there are many modern alternative remedies, with different beliefs, all of them operate under some common principles. One of these principles is that the body has the capacity to heal naturally and maintain stability (Paquette, 2000). The other one is that adverse health conditions can occur as a result of factors emanating from mind, emotions and the body. Alternative medicine, according to Goldberg, Trivieri and Anderson, (2002), focuses on determining the chief cause of a particular condition, and dealing with the whole person rather that concentrating on symptoms. If a person pays close attention to his/her health he/she can contribute to his/her wellbeing. Alternative medicine holds firmly to the principle that one treatment cannot be used for all people even though they may be suffering from the same condition. Each and every person as per alternative medicine has distinct bodily, mind and spiritual make up (Goldberg, Trivieri and Anderson, 2002). Health care professionals within conventional medicine believe that diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Medical care professionals in conventional medicine must meet the national set standards concerning education and certification. These professionals constantly update their knowledge through educational programs so as to maintain their professional licenses. Alters and Schiff (2010), asserts that, before any treatment procedure is put into use in conventional medicine, health care professionals in this field must verify that it does not subject human beings to adverse medical side-effects. Numerous studies are conducted using animal and human subjects to determine the effectiveness of a certain treatments. Conventional medicine is recommended when a patient is suffering from a life threatening condition. It focuses on the symptoms which a patient is presenting with. Generally, conventional medicine focuses on dysfunction. Those who prefer conventional medicine to alternative medicine, seek treatment only after they have fallen ill. This is due to the fact that conventional treatment puts very little emphasis on the prevention as compared to treatment (Treweek and Heller, 2006). The major difference between conventional and alternative medicine is that conventional medicine concerns itself with the management of symptoms through scientific modalities and modern technology rather than dealing with the whole person as well as the root cause of an illness. Alternative medicine emphasizes on the prevention of illnesses and aims at treating the whole person in order to strengthen his/her immune system as well as producing a sustainable healing. Conventional medicine uses drugs to treat various illnesses thereby suppressing the body’s natural immunity; alternative medicine employs strategies that assist the body to heal naturally (Goldberg, Trivieri and Anderson, 2002). Conclusion The issue relating to the differences between alternative and conventional medicine can be very highly controversial. Alternative medicine has been employed as treatment in the world for thousands of years. It involves the use of natural treatment techniques in management and prevention of diseases. Alternative treatment techniques including acupuncture, homeopathy, spiritual devotions, chiropractic, aromatherapy, psychotherapy, osteopathy, naturopathic and nutrition medicine among many others are developed based on the ancient treatment techniques. Conventional medicine involves the use of drugs, surgery, and other medical procedures in dealing with various medical conditions. Conventional medicine employs scientific principles, scientifically tested medical procedures as well as modern technologies to diagnose, manage and prevent diseases. Conventional medicine focuses on treatment of various symptoms; alternative medicine concentrates on prevention, determination of the root cause as well as treatment of the whole person. Reference: About 70 percent of older adults use alternative medicine. (2005, April 11). Ascribe Newswire, pp 1-3, 3p. Retrieved July 5, 2010, from Ascribe Newswire database. Alternative Medicine Angel, Alternative Medicine: A Comparison, retrieved on July 2, 2010 from http://altmedangel. com/am. html Alters, S. , Schiff W. , (edn 5), (2010), Essential Concepts for Healthy Living, ISBN 0763789755: Jones Bartlett Learning Arais, D. , (2004, August). Alternative medicines prompts concern. , The Nations Health, 34(6), 6-6. Retrived July 5, 2010, from ephost database. Field, T. , (2009), Traditional Medicine vs. Alternative Medicine, retrieved on July 2, 2010 from asktheinternettherapist. com/archive_traditional_medicine. asp Goldberg, B. , Trivieri, L. , and Anderson, J. , (edn 2), (2002), Alternative medicine: the definitive guide, ISBN 1587611414: Celestial Arts Meines, M. , (1998), Should Alternative Treatment be Integrated into Mainstream Medicine? Nursing Forum, Vol 33 Paquette, M. , (2000), Does Your Assessment Include Alternative Therapies? Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, Vol 36 Treweek, G. , and Heller, T. , (2006), Perspectives on Complementary and Alternative Medicine, ISBN 0415351618: Routledge.

Tuesday, March 3, 2020

Social Dialect Definition and Examples

Social Dialect Definition and Examples In sociolinguistics, social dialect is a variety of speech associated with a particular social class or occupational group within a society. Also known as a sociolect,  group idiolect, and class dialect. Douglas Biber distinguishes two main kinds of dialects in linguistics: Geographic dialects are varieties associated with speakers living in a particular location, while social dialects are varieties associated with speakers belonging to a given demographic group (e.g., women versus men, or different social classes)(Dimensions of Register Variation, 1995). Examples and Observations Even though we use the term social dialect or sociolect as a label for the alignment of a set of language structures with the social position of a group in a status hierarchy, the social demarcation of language does not exist in a vacuum. Speakers are simultaneously affiliated with a number of different groups that include region, age, gender, and ethnicity, and some of these other factors may weigh heavily in the determination of the social stratification of language variation. For example, among older European-American speakers in Charleston, South Carolina, the absence of r in words such as bear and court is associated with aristocratic, high-status groups (McDavid 1948) whereas in New York City the same pattern of r-lessness is associated with working-class, low-status groups (Labov 1966). Such opposite social interpretations of the same linguistic trait over time and space point to the arbitrariness of the linguistic symbols that carry social meaning. In other words, it is not r eally the meaning of what you say that counts socially, but who you are when you say it. (Walt Wolfram, Social Varieties of American English. Language in the USA, ed. by E. Finegan. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Language and Gender Across all social groups in Western societies, women generally use more standard grammatical forms than men and so, correspondingly, men use more vernacular forms than women... [I]t is worth noting that although gender generally interacts with other social factors, such as status, class, the role of the speaker in an interaction, and the (in)formality of the context, there are cases where the gender of the speaker seems to be the most influential factor accounting for speech patterns. In some communities, a womans social status and her gender interact to reinforce differential speech patterns between women and men. In others, different factors modify one another to produce more complex patterns. But in a number of communities, for some linguistic forms, gender identity seems to be a primary factor accounting for speech variation. The gender of the speaker can override social class differences, for instance, in accounting for speech patterns. In these communities, expressing masculine or feminine identity seems to be very important. (Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 4th ed. Routledge, 2013) Standard British English as a Sociolect The standard variety of a given language, e.g. British English, tends to be the upper-class sociolect of a given central area or regiolect. Thus Standard British English used to be the English of the upper classes (also called the Queens English or Public School English) of the Southern, more particularly, London area. (Renà © Dirven and Marjolyn Verspoor, Cognitive Exploration of Language and Linguistics. John Benjamins, 2004) LOL-Speak When two friends created the site I Can Has Cheezburger?  in 2007, to share cat photos with funny, misspelled captions, it was a way of cheering themselves up. They probably weren’t thinking about long-term sociolinguistic implications. But seven years later, the cheezpeep community is still active online, chattering away in LOLspeak, its own distinctive variety of English. LOLspeak was meant to sound like the twisted language inside a cat’s brain, and has ended up resembling a down-South baby talk with some very strange characteristics, including deliberate misspellings (teh, ennyfing), unique verb forms (gotted, can haz), and word reduplication (fastfastfast). It can be difficult to master. One user writes that it used to take at least 10 minutes â€Å"to read adn unnerstand† a paragraph. (â€Å"Nao, it’z almost like a sekund lanjuaje.†) To a linguist, all of this sounds a lot like a sociolect: a language variety that’s spoken within a social group, like Valley Girl–influenced ValTalk or African American Vernacular English. (The word dialect, by contrast, commonly refers to a variety spoken by a geographic group- think Appalachian or Lumbee.) Over the past 20 years, online sociolects have been springing up around the world, from Jejenese in the Philippines to Ali G Language, a British lingo inspired by the Sacha Baron Cohen character. (Britt Peterson, The Linguistics of LOL. The Atlantic, October 2014) Slang as a Social Dialect If your kids are unable to differentiate among a nerd (social outcast), a dork (clumsy oaf) and a geek (a real slimeball), you might want to establish your expertise by trying these more recent (and in the process of being replaced) examples of kiduage: thicko (nice play on sicko), knob, spasmo (playground life is cruel), burgerbrain and dappo. Professor Danesi, who is author of Cool: The Signs and Meanings of Adolescence, treats kids slang as a social dialect that he calls pubilect. He reports that one 13-year-old informed him about a particular kind of geek known specifically as a leem in her school who was to be viewed as particularly odious. He was someone who just wastes oxygen. (William Safire, On Language: Kiduage. The New York Times Magazine, Oct. 8, 1995)

Saturday, February 15, 2020

Nursing Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice Essay

Nursing Theory, Research, and Evidence-Based Practice - Essay Example continue maintaining the status quo of nursing as being predicated on medicine and its paternalistic medical model, derived from the Hippocratic Oath. This paper studies the key aspect of evidence based nursing and identifies that it is the relationship of nursing with temperamental nursing which is highly related to dealing with children and parents of ill youngsters. From the students point of view, the discrepancy between nursing as a practical profession and nursing as an academic discipline may enhance the theory-practice gap and aggravate tensions. Traditionally, evidence of fall related patients has been checkup by nurses using the Tinetti Assessment Tool which is considered to be a simple, easily administered test that measures a patient’s walk and equilibrium. The test is scored on the patient’s capability to perform specific tasks. The discipline of nursing and the subjects in nursing programs have been categorized in terms of a science-based model, e.g. biological and physical sciences, behavioral and social sciences, humanities, medical science and, finally, nursing science (Beattie, 2003). As long as nursing was based on a medical model and medical staff was involved in teaching the students, the subjects of the curriculum were congruent with the medical model (Wynne et al, 2004). The key aspect of evidence based nursing is the relationship of nursing with fall management nursing. This aspect of nursing is highly related to dealing with pain related issues for fall patients consisting of children and parents of ill youngsters. While evidence based intervention is intended to relay acceptance to the patient, the strategies that patients and other caregivers use often encourage the fall patient to accept a challenge that can foster their recovery. In order to have medical knowledge, e.g. an understanding of pathos-physiological implications, one needs to be familiar with the biosciences. Akinsanya (Akinsanya, 2005, Akinsanya, 2003) suggests that

Sunday, February 2, 2020

A History of Playing Cards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A History of Playing Cards - Essay Example Henceforth, different games were invented and the manner of playing cards evolved. In European context, the origins of playing card were thought to have come from Egypt near Mameluks. The fragments found believed to be from the 1400, consisted of 52 cards with "suits of swords, polo-sticks, cups, and coins." Each suit was composed of cards numbered 1 to 10 while three of the court cards included "malik (king), na'ib malik (Viceroy or Deputy-King), and thani na'ib (Second Under-Deputy)." When compared to early Italian cards, they appeared to be similar. Some early names given to European court cards include naibbe (Italian) and naipes (Spanish)("The Introduction of Playing-Cards to Europe"). The early Chinese playing cards were made from paper and had suits drawn with coins and strings of coins. To Mah Jong players, these are the circles and bamboo figures found in the tablets. Islam introduced cups and swords to the suit without any human figures. This could be explained by the prohibition of Islam from using representations of humans in artworks or printed material. The French were credited for designing the court personages in each suit. The King of Hearts represented Charlemagne; Julius Caesar was the king of Diamonds; Alexander the Great was the king of Clubs while King David from the Bible was identified as the King of Spades (The United States Playing Card Company). These were still used in contemporary playing cards. In the 19th century Europe, the playing card faces were transformed into mini-canvasses as many artists executed prominent figures culled from history and literature. This was referred to the 19th century phenomenon of transformation cards (The International Playing-Cards Society). The cards were an innovative form of art but were totally unusable for playing games. England was a laggard and followed the trend at a later period. The English continued to cling to traditional designs despite the developments in other parts of Europe. The Americans were credited to have invented the Joker. From the French design, the Americans in the 1800's introduced innovations to the playing card. The Americans began using "double-headed court cards for convenience and avoiding the act of turning the card right side up. The surfaces were varnished for easy shuffling and sturdier to endure wear and tear from frequent playing. The corners were rounded to avoid corner tears and identifying marks were added to the corners of each card (The United States Playing Card Company). The backs of the cards were used as promotional vehicles and sometimes depicted with famous landmarks or trends popular at a particular period. Russell and Morgan were the pioneers in the manufacture of playing cards. The Bicycle brand was born out of the popularity of the two-wheeled transportation in 1887. The company debuted with Rider Back (The United States Playing Card Company). From being an exclusive entertainment for the rich and imperial courts, card games had since evolved for ordinary people to enjoy. Social Function of Card Games When card games were introduced in medieval Europe, a royal card party was frequently played in circular tables. In the 15th century, the site of play was a circular table

Saturday, January 25, 2020

Construction Industry Benchmark Report

Construction Industry Benchmark Report Construction Industry Benchmark The Review of the UK Construction Industry Benchmark Reports The first and foremost major report that reviewed the performance of the UK construction industry was enacted in 1929 and several other reports had followed suite up till the present time (Cain, 2003). Due to the multitudes of problems plaguing the UK construction industry, the UK government had at different times assembled teams of expert to bestow a panacea and impeccable modus operandi on the UK construction industry. Consequently, the UK government keeps reviewing each reports year after years for an up to date solutions for the UK construction industry by learning from the limitations of each report and re-examining the non-conforming of the industry to the findings and recommendations of the reports. Cain (2003) notes that the inspiration behind all the reports were the client concerns about the impact on their commercial performance of the inefficiency and waste in the UK construction industry. This chapter presents the review of various benchmark reports and initiatives of the UK government and construction industry as a response and panacea to the problems and imbroglio prevalent in the UK construction industry. Fragmentation, inefficiency and adversarialism had led to unnecessary high construction cost and poor functionality (Cain, 2003). Preceding chapters have elucidated on these problems and succinctly explored the benchmark reports in emphasizing the need for the UK construction industry to shift from its adversarial position and embrace a more integrated approach. The reports also charged the construction client to embrace co-operation and teamwork for an enhanced relationship among the supply chain members. This chapter reviews different reports that had shaped and are still shaping the direction of the UK construction industry. The recommendations of the reports which are regarded as a universal remedy for the adversarial make up of the UK construction industry are well highlighted. The BDB initiative will be left out since it has been discussed in earlier chapters. Major reports will be dilated more upon such as the Latham report, Egan Report and the Strategic Forum for Construction (SFC) report. CONSTRUCTING THE TEAM (The Latham Report of 1994) One of the earliest reports was Alfred Bossom Reaching for the Skies report of 1934 and different other reports such as Simon report of 1944 and Barnwell report of 1967 came afterwards before the Latham report of 1994 (Cain, 2003). In 1994, Sir Michael Latham report came into being with audacious recommendations to provide panacea to the quandary besmirching the UK construction industry. The Latham report vital message was that the client should be at the core of the construction process (NAO, 2001). It recommended more standardised construction contracts, better guidance on best practice and legislative changes to simplify dispute resolution (NAO, 2001). Cain (2003) notes that various reports before the Latham report all failed to have any impacts on the performance of the UK construction industry because of the industry continued sightlessness to its shortcomings. The UK construction industry had long been fraught with adversarial relationships, process fragmentation and ineffective planning. The continued reliance on the aforementioned failings had made the UK construction industry to still be enmeshed in its precarious state. It was however surmised by Cain in 2003 that the Latham report came as a catalyst in dissuading the construction clients from their unfavoured disposition and charged them to lead the reform movement. The Latham report Constructing the Team wished-for an understandable action plan with timescales, scheduled people to implement its recommendations and consequently sought the views of contractors and key private and public sector clients (NAO, 2001). It charged both the private construction client and the UK government that its recommendations implementation onus is on them and recommended that the latter should commit itself to becoming a best practice client (NAO, 2001). The Latham report identified inefficiencies which indicated the need for partnering and collaboration among the players in the construction industry. Teamwork was also identified and the report acted as a precursor for more initiatives. The Latham report led to the creation of the Construction Industry Board (CIB). Government benchmark reports and initiatives such as the Levene Efficiency Scrutiny report of 1995; the Egan report Rethinking Construction of 1998; the National Audit Office (NAO) report Modernising Construction of 2001; the SFC report; Accelerating Change of 2002; the Guide to the Construction Best Practice Programme (CBPP) of 1998; The Construction Client Charter; and The Movement for Innovation (M4i) were all designed to move the UK construction industry in the right direction. In its conclusion it affirms that if all its recommendations were put into practice, the potential for the achievement of efficiency savings of 30 per cent over five years in total construction costs is highly discernible and realizable (NAO, 2001). While the whole of this chapter is devoted to the review of the key UK construction industry benchmark reports, this section succinctly outline the key recommendations of the Latham report of 1994. As earlier noted at the beginning of the chapter, the first key recommendation of the Latham report is the need for the construction client to accept the onus of the reforms in the UK construction industry. It specifically emphasized that government being one of the biggest procurer of projects should commit itself and be acknowledged as a best practice client. It charged government to improve the training of its workforce for the achievement of the industrys goal of value for money and establish benchmarking arrangements to provide pressure for continuing improvements in performance. The report also noted that the private sector construction client is the biggest procurer of project and they thus need a unison voice to effect changes and improve standards. It was noticed that there was no single focus for the private sector construction client and a need was however identified. The setting up of an organisation called the Construction Clients Forum was recommended to represent the private sector client and provide influential voice, with responsibility for promoting forward thinking on key issues. The creation of the organisation was considered a priority. The report recommended that the Construction Sponsorship Directorate of the Department of the Environment be designated by Ministers as the lead Department for the implementation of the reports recommendations. Secondly, adjudication was acknowledged as the impeccable way of dispute resolution which must be introduced within all the Standard Forms of Contract and be underpinned by legislation. It emphasized that the impeccable solution is the avoidance of disputes. However, dispute can still abound despite concerted efforts of prevention. The report reckons that if procurement and tendering procedures are improved therefore there will be reduction in the causes of conflict. Mediation/conciliation was also acknowledged as another route of Alternative Dispute Resolution. Thirdly, the report recommended that the CIC should provide a guide to briefing that would assist the clients. It was also recommended that it should be part of the contractual process that the client should approve the design brief by signing it off. Also it was recommended that DOE should coordinate and publish a Construction Strategy Code of Practice (CSCP) to inform and advise the client. The CSCP should be legible and decipherable and circulated through all the government agencies. Fourthly, the report recommends the inclusion of detailed advice in the CSCP to all public clients on the specific requirements for selective tendering of EU directives. NJCC code of procedure was recommended as the focal point for the numbers of tenders for single stage tendering. It advised that clients that are subject to EU regulation must do away with open tendering procedures. It also advocated that client that procures their project through design and build approach should proceed by the following tender routes (1) On a single stage basis, not more than three firms should be invited with one other name in reserve (2) When a project is of complex nature and substantial, a two stage tender should be employed subject to EU considerations (3) When it is envisaged that ground investigation cost would be incurred by tenderers, they should be allowed to pool such cost by the retainment of single firm of consultants acting on behalf of them all (4) It should be made known in advance w hen a very large and expensive scheme is to be undertaken that a reasonable proportion of expense incurred by unsuccessful tenderers will be paid back to them (5) Based on quality and price basis assurance should be sought from the contractors that their own professional consultants will be retained. It recommends the creation of a more standardisation and effectual forms of contract, which tackle matters of simplicity, justice, roles and responsibilities, risks allocation, dispute resolution and payment (NAO, 2001). Fifthly, partnering was advocated by Latham for fostering long term relationship. It emphasizes that competitive tendering process should be used in seeking the partnering arrangement for a specific period of time. The partnering arrangement should be based on mutually agreed and measurable targets for productivity improvements. Training was however not well considered by the Latham review but it advised that the issue should be examined as a matter of urgency by the industry and the government. It also recommends that the industry should move away from the established structure that the industry handles contracts and works with designers and equal opportunity should be given greater consideration. It recommends the creation of a single central public sector register of consultants and contractors (NAO, 2001). This has led to the creation of ConstructionLine which is a central qualification database of contractors and consultants run by a public/private partnership with a Government steering group (NAO, 2001). Lastly, the report notes that the industry has invested little in research and development and that the DOE should take urgent step and involves clients in its research strategy programme which should be properly monitored. It also recommends the acceptance of 30% real cost reduction by minister and the industry. It recommends that clear definition should be given to the roles and responsibilities of the project manager. RETHINKING CONSTRUCTION (The Egan Report of 1998) In 1998, the Sir John Egan report came into being. The Sir John Egans construction task force presented it to the then deputy prime minister. The former Deputy Prime Minister, John Prescott commissioned the report in July, 1998 with the central message that the UK construction industry and its client can jointly act to improve their performance by applying best practices to improve the quality and efficiency of the service provided by the industry to its clients (AZoBuild, 2008; Construction Excellence, 2006). Cain (2003) notes that the basic distinction of the Egan report in comparison with other reports is its insistence on the extraction of best practice in supply chain management from other sector. It was commissioned as part of the Governments effort to improve the quality and efficiency of the service provided by the industry to its clients. The Egan report advocates the creation of a Movement for Change which would be a vibrant, motivating and non-institutionalised body of people who are an advocate of the upliftment of the UK construction industry (AZoBuild, 2008). It was also noticed that the report acted as a harbinger for cultural changes with outcomes such as the launch of M4i in November 1998 (AZoBuild, 2008). The report also emphasize that the industry needs to improve on their activities but it however believe the industry is capable of doing that (AZoBuild, 2008). Several demonstration projects were undertaken to exemplify the innovations advocated by the report which to public astonishment exceeded the reports targets in productivity, profits, defects and reduced accidents (AZoBuild, 2008). Demonstration projects are regarded as live construction projects that are either innovating or imbibing an element of best practice (Construction Excellence, 2008a). Lesson learnt from these projects are used in influencing the UK construction industry change (Construction Excellence, 2008a). The report stoutly consolidated the apprehension of clients at the high level of inefficiency and waste and similarly powerfully consolidated the earlier message of the call for integration (Cain, 2003). The report lucidly admitted that total integration of processes (design and construction) and the application of supply chain management are key to better value for end user client (Cain, 2003). Cain (2003) in his review of the Egan report averred that the report was highly critical of the UK construction industrys disinclination to the grapple of the benefits of greater commonality and standardisation of components and materials. It was revealed in the report that the industry had low profitability, too little investment in capital, research, development and training and that too many of the construction clients in the industry were not satisfied with what they are getting (Construction Excellence, 2006). Consequently, 5 drivers for change were identified by the report with 4 project process improvements and 7 targets for improvement, which are summarized in Fig.3.5 in the previous chapter. Egan recommendations also include the attainment of the UK construction industrys potential. The report notes that for this to be achieved the industry needs to shift from its present culture and structure of competitive tendering and replace it with long term relationships based on clear measurements of performance and sustained improvements in quality and efficiency (Construction Excellence, 2006). MODERNISING CONSTRUCTION (The NAO report of 2001) In 2001, NAO Modernising Construction report came into being with brave recommendations by summarising previous reports that had recently set the tone for the eradication of the quandary besmirching the UK construction industry. The reports provision includes an analytical appraisal of the factual effectiveness of the industry and the barriers that hamper improvement (Cain, 2003). The report is about how to modernise the procurement and delivery of construction projects in the United Kingdom that benefits the construction clients and the UK construction industry in general (NAO, 2001). It critically chastises the UK construction industry for its poor performance and the consequences this poses (Cain, 2003). The report is seen to be very influential in dissuading the construction clients and the construction industry to discard their old adversarial ways and imbibe the Egan best practice (NAO, 2001). In Cains review of the report, it was identified that the major impediments to improvement of the performance of the UK construction industry are (1) the separate appointment of the designers from the rest of the supply chain (2) limited application of value management (3) opposition to supply chain integration (4) inconsideration of the factual cost of construction processes and components (5) little single point responsibility in one hand of design and construction process (6) limited regards to end users needs and inconsideration of fitness for purpose of the construction (7) use by client of narrow and rigid specifications, which stifle innovation and limit the scope for value for money; and (8) less inputs of buildability. According to NAO (2001), the report is seen to be forward looking and underscores good practice being espoused by the industry which if widely applied could achieve much considerable improvements in construction performance achieving better value for money. It was noted within the larger spending departments and agencies estimate that by adopting new approach to procurement and management of construction, efficiency gains of over ÂÂ £600 million annually and improvement in the quality of construction was achieved (NAO, 2001). It was established that there is greater potential in the application of best practice that leads to improved profitability when comparison is made with the current industry average of one per cent of turnover (NAO, 2001). Furthermore, the report also shows that there is no provision of value for money in the acceptance of the lowest price bid in both the final cost of construction or the through life and operational costs (NAO, 2001). It was also noted that conflict and distrust which have contributed to poor performance have severed the relationship between the public sector client and the construction industry (NAO, 2001). The report emphasises the need for integration of the clients, professional advisers, contractors, subcontractors and suppliers of materials in order to better manage risk and apply value management and engineering techniques for the improvement of buildability and the elimination of waste from the process (NAO, 2001). This integration will be bring greater concentration to achieving a better construction which meets end users needs at a lower through life costs (NAO, 2001). Integration has the propensity of reducing through life and operational costs which consequently leads to greater certainty of time and budgeted costs of project (NAO, 2001). The report also charged the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (DETR) to develop more sophisticated performance measures and provide more co-ordinated direction to initiatives to promote better performance by the construction industry (NAO, 2001). The report acknowledged the department collaboration with the construction industry in developing and promoting key performance indicators to measure construction performance such as (1) the operational and running costs of completed buildings (2) the cost effectiveness of the construction process (3) indicators for health and safety; and (4) quality of the completed construction. Lastly, the report emphasises the training of more staff for the effectiveness of the construction clients and the importance of partnering for the adversarial relationship that abounds in the UK construction industry (NAO, 2001). ACCELERATING CHANGE (The SFC Report of 2002) The first act of the then minister of construction, Brian Wilson MP were to announce the arrangement for the SFC and consequently the elongation of the Rethinking Construction programme for another two years which led to the publication of Accelerating Change in the year 2002 (SFC, 2002). In the ministers foreword for the publication, he was more impressed with the reports emphasis on creating a sustainable, customer focussed industry (SFC, 2002). He noted the best in the industry, with particular references to the Rethinking Construction demonstration projects, which showed that Rethinking Construction principles hold good in practice and deliver real tangible returns for clients, consultants, contractors, suppliers, and communities (SFC, 2002). The minister acknowledge that clients of the UK construction industry all want projects that exemplify superior whole life value and performance, excellent design and functionality, that are devoid of defect, delivered within budget and within the stipulated time (SFC, 2002). It was seen that the report did not come with something alien to the industry but it rather builds on and reaffirm the rethinking construction principles (SFC, 2002). The report presents better ways to tackle the hurdle to progress and identify ways to accelerate the rate of change (SFC, 2002). The chairman of the report Sir John Egan also emphasize his wish for the extinction of profligate and erratic process of lowest cost tendering as the main procurement route with its replacement with one where clients procurement is based on value for money against world class benchmarks and projects delivery by integrated teams of experts involved in continuous improvement in customer satisfaction, productivity, safety and value for money (SFC, 2002). Bruntland (1987) defines sustainability as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sir Egan further stressed that the inability of the rethinking construction report to fully explore sustainability as a core issue was deliberate (SFC, 2002). He noted that concept of pre-planning must come before planning for sustainability and that the ability of pre-planning a project through from start to finish is a pre-requisite to the design in sustainability (SFC, 2002). Our vision is for the UK construction industry to realise maximum value for all clients, end users and stakeholders and exceed their expectations through the consistent delivery of world class products and services (SFC, 2002). The Forum reckons that for change to be accelerated, three key drivers were identified to secure a culture of continuous improvement namely: (1) the need for client leadership; (2) the need for integrated teams; and (3) the need to address people issues, especially health and safety (SFC, 2002). However, integration is the key theme of accelerating change (SFC, 2002). All the following were accentuated by the forum as discussed below. Accelerating Client Leadership The report indicates that most construction clients in the UK construction industry have access to independent, expert advice for meeting their business or project needs. For clients to receive better solutions in meeting their needs, advices covering such as a range of procurement and management options, including environmental performance, operating and whole life costs are vital. Irrespective of the procurement option, the achievement of maximum integration of the team at the most favourable time should be considered as indispensable in order to make the impeccably explore all available expertise, and central to the delivery of best whole life performance and maximising client value from construction. The report notes that the construction clients should make use of integrated teams and long term supply chains and keenly participate in their creation. The report affirms that to ensure the adequacy, consistency and independence of the service, clients can expect a list of basic com petencies and a code of conduct should be made available. The construction industry has various codes of practice and codes of conduct that can assist in bringing about output in this regard. Accelerating Integrated Teams A study to be coordinated by the Specialist Engineering Contractors Group in consultation with the industry and Government was recommended by the forum. This should be carried out to examine the impact of insolvency law and practice on construction supply chains and make recommendations for change by July 2003. The proposals are designed to provide the trust necessary to reinforce collaborative working. The report emphasize that the UK construction industry must espouse supply chain management techniques presently in use in the manufacturing industry to increase productivity, reduce time, increase cash-flow efficiency and thus minimise risk. Accelerating Culture Change in People Issues It was noted that the construction industry engages 1.5 million people. The report reckons that for the UK construction industry to flourish, it needs excellent quality staff with skill, integrity, reliability and safety too carry out their defined roles. The report also notes that one of the challenges facing the UK construction industry is attracting able personnel and training and retaining them. It was also seen that the employment of wide range of people is imperative over the next five years with skills in design, engineering and all construction crafts with figures placed at around 370,000. Moreover, due to the besmirched public image of the industry attracting brightest people to the industry is seen to be harder since they do not see the activity in the construction industry to be fulfilling and rewarding. Consequently, the forum identified five areas for particular attention namely: (1) Health and safety; (2) Pay and conditions; (3) Recruitment; (4) Training and competence; and (5) Image. Cross-Cutting Issues While the report notes client leadership, integrated teams and tackling people issues as drivers for change, the report further notes several other issues that can act as enabling vessels or impediments to change (SFC, 2002). Cross-cutting issues such as (1) Design Quality: For a successful realisation of any construction project the investment in high quality design by an integrated team is considered vital. By the integration of design and construction at the front end of a project, majority of value can easily be created. Safety, reduction in defects and lower operating cost of a structure can be realised through integrated, high quality design; (2) Information Technology (IT) and the Internet: The introductions of IT and electronic business (e-business), as enablers into the construction sector have brought about a lucid transformation of many operations in the construction sector with greater propensity for more. Its benefits are significant for designers, constructors and building operators. It tends not to be that easier in deriving maximum benefits from its introduction. Through the wider use of the internet and electronic procurement (e-procurement) greater potential exists for the reduction of infrastructure cost. The extensive adoption of e-business and virtual prototyping involve the construction industry transforming its traditional methods of working and its business relationships. The most vital impediments to this transformation include organisational and cultural inertia, scale, awareness of the potential and knowledge of the benefits, skills, perceptions of cost and risk, legal issues and standards. However, considerable potential benefits still abounds such as efficiencies and skills development from knowledge management, economy and speed of construction, improved business relationships, product and process improvement and technology and entrepreneurship; (3) Research and Development (RD) and Innovation: Investment in RD is essential to innovation and continuous improvement. It provides value to clients and improves profitability; (4) Sustainability: Sustainability can be considered as a driver for change. Its embracement in the construction industry can lead to a safer and less lavish sector; and (5) Planning System:Â   A government reform in the planning system is well supported by the report. It considers a fair, transparent, timely and consistent planning system will help to eliminate waste promote responsible development. The forum reckons that if all these cross-cutting issues are properly managed and developed, they offer considerable opportunity of impacting on the pace of change (SFC, 2002). Charter Handbook (Confederation of Construction Client) Charter handbook was published by the construction clients forum. The charter handbook sets out the obligations that define a best practice client (Jones and Saad, 2003). It emphasizes the leadership role which the construction client needs to play for a rapid radical change in the UK construction industry (Jones and Saad, 2003). The handbook requires charter client to be at the front end of the drive for continuous improvement of cultural relationships throughout the supply chain with performance measurement used to provide proof of improvement (Cain, 2003). According to Cain (2003) the obligations of the charter client was listed by the handbook as follows: (1) yearly review and amendment as necessary their cultural change programme based on what has been experienced; (2) measure their respective performance in achieving their cultural change programme; (3) prepare a cultural change programme with targets for its achievements; and (4) monitor the effects of implementing their cultural change programme using key performance indicator (KPI) that suites the project. Jones and Saad (2003) note that it also requires the charter client to engage procurement processes that delivers the following improvements namely: (1) considerable reductions in whole-life costs; (2) significant improvements in functional efficiency; (3) a quality environment for end users; (4) reduced construction time; (5) improved predictability on time and budget; (5) reduction in defects; and (6) elimination of inefficiency and waste. Moreover, the handbook charged the construction client to consistently procure through integrated teams preferably in long term relationship (Jones and Saad, 2003). The handbook also emphasizes the importance of supply change management (Cain, 2003). Lastly, the handbook made it clear that consultants must be an integral part of both UK construction industry and the integrated supply chain (Cain, 2003). Movement for Innovation (M4i) In November 1998, the M4i came into being to implement, across the whole of the industry, the recommendations contained in the rethinking construction report (Construction Excellence, 2008b). The report came up with the proposition for the creation of a movement for change which would be made up of group of dynamic people inspired by the need for change (Construction Excellence, 2008b). Since the start of year 2004, it has been a part of the construction excellence (Construction Excellence, 2008b). Radical improvement in construction in value for money, profitability, reliability and respect for people, through demonstration of best practices and innovation was the main aims of the movement (Construction Excellence, 2008b). The report notes that benchmarking against M4i demonstration projects can considerably leads to excellent output or result (Construction Excellence, 2008b). The M4i demonstration projects have shown real benefits of best practice measures and innovations with over 180 demonstration projects being submitted by construction clients and contractors (Construction Excellence, 2008b). The report seeks to facilitate performance efficiencies to achieve sustained annual improvements of (1) 10% reduction in cost and construction time; (2) 20% reduction in defects and accidents; (3) 10% increase in productivity and profitability; and (4) 20% increase in predictability of project performance (Construction Excellence, 2008). All these are expected to be achieved through the following avenues namely: (1) product development; (2) project implementation; (3) partnering the supply chain; and (4) production of components (Construction Excellence, 2008b). The movement is involved in a range of services which include namely: (1) clusters; (2) working groups; (3) M4i board; (4) M4i teams; and (5) M4i clubs (Construction Excellence, 2008b). CONCLUSION There is no system or perhaps industry without its teething problems. Problems are encountered to be experienced and solved. Identifying areas of improvement is the first step in moving in the right direction. UK government and the industry have shown great concerns which have been yielding fruit even if it has not been of great measures. Subsequent chapters have deliberated on the besmirching situation of the industry which needs to be repa

Friday, January 17, 2020

Shedding Light On Modern Security Education Essay

Biometricss is usually defined as â€Å" the machine-controlled use of physiological or behavioral features to set up or confirm individuality † . Physiological biometries is a unswerving dimension taken from a measuring of the human organic structure, and behavioral biometries does non straight measures description of the human organic structure through entity actions. A biometric system integrates biometric hardware and package to carry on biometric designation or confirmation. Biometric systems changes the information axial rotation up from physiological or behavioral features into forms, which are utilized for designation. During the first phase registration procedure, where an human being original biometric sample is collected, assessed, processed, and stored for assisting and designation in a biometric system. The following measure is the capitulation procedure, where a individual uses the peculiar biometric ownership tool to provide a biometric trial. ASSIGNMENT OBJECTIVESTechnological, societal and political factors that are determining the biometries marketidentix reaction to the environmental conditions.3.Does identix appear to be moving in an ethical mode. Why or why non.Support or oppose the execution of biometries Based security.TECHNOLOGICAL SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORSBiometric hallmark has a portion in keeping and supporting our control of our ain individuality and personal informations. This emerging engineering makes it virtually impossible to presume person else ‘s alone individuality. It is a method of showing the similar type of safeguarding in the inexplicit vicinity that we merely the one time had in entranced vicinities, where the singularity of single individuality was certain by neighbours authenticating each other during facial acknowledgment. The chief facet to measure a biometric system is its truth. From the user ‘s point of position, an mistake of truth occurs when the system fails to authenticate the individuality of a registered individual or when the system mistakenly authenticates the individuality of an interloper biometries and a database of violent felons and sex wrongdoers are at the bosom of the constabulary ‘s usage of engineering to contend offense over the following five years.Biometrics will play a important function in the hereafter of condemnable justness and patroling itself and will transform current criterion practise in jurisprudence enforcement. Peoples tend to utilize short and easy-to-remember watchwords as they do non wish to be troubled each clip they gain entree to a system. Biometric engineering uses one or more physical identifiers to find the person ‘s designation. This may be a fingerprint, flag or retina scan, manus size, vein scan, signature, voice, 2D or 3D face. So which one is more dependable. Obviously biomterics. This system will advance societal exclusion through disablement favoritism, age favoritism, race favoritism, and category favoritism among others. These signifiers of favoritism are built-in within the system since it is impossible to accurately roll up the informations of all people Terrorism, drug-running, illegal in-migration and an increasing throughput of legitimate travellers is seting a strain on in-migration governments throughout the world.It is indispensable for the governments to rapidly and automatically process observant travellers and identifies the jurisprudence surfs. Biometrics is being employed in a figure of diverse applications to do this possible. The U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) are a major user and judge of biometric engineerings. Systems are presently in topographic point throughout to automatize the flow of legitimate travellers and discourage illegal immigrants. States are following biometries engineering due to political intervenes.like European brotherhood does n't necessitate any hold in biometries passports and all member states have to follow with that. It is rather possible that statute law will come into consequence in the close hereafter to follow new prosodies engineering in public and authorities administrations. HOW IDENTIX IS REACTING TO THE ABOVE ENVOIRNMENTAL CONDITIONS.Identix is responding to above the environmental conditions. Identix was the first company to detect the proper algorithms for facial recognistion. specialy due to terror onslaughts in 2001 these merchandises demand increased and identix took over 30 million dollar market.Law enforcement bureaus have been used these merchandises to cut down the offense. Air larboard security have been increased to to undertake illegal immigrants Tenprinter and fingerprinter centimeters have been installed at fourty air ports.identix is besides working with police sections to undertake the felons. DOES IDENTIX APPEAR TO BE ACTING IN AN ETHICAL MANNER.Biometric face acknowledgment engineerings are a new and evolving step that authoritiess and houses use to place felons and protect guiltless people. However, the shapers of this biometric face engineering must postulate with the inevitable ethical issues: what if the incorrect individual is identified or what if the engineering infringes upon single rights? Developers and research workers are invariably mensurating and proving biometric methods to guarantee that the right person is identified, although the Civil Liberties Union asserts that the engineering is, â€Å" outpacing our basic privateness rights. † . Peoples believe that biometries and finger prints are associated with felons. So people have a perceptual experience job sing bio prosodies. Identix delete the record from the information if it does n't fit the ticker list from client informations base.what if the felons reach these records. Due to cyber link offenses digital records can be collected by latest choping techniques so clients records are non safe at all times. EXPLAIN WHY YOU SUPPORT OR OPPOSE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIO METRICS.I support the biometries engineering because nowadays our security is really of import as biometries are more effectual so watchwords.key and cards.password and keys are easy entree to criminals.building countries and people information is protected more expeditiously. Biometrics is cost effectual as comparison to identify and watchwords and sometimes its expensive to upgarde system when you lost watchword.